What does corruption encompass beyond bribery?

Corruption encompasses a range of unethical behaviors that extend beyond bribery, which is typically characterized by the exchange of money or favors for influence or action. The correct answer highlights how corruption can involve the improper performance of public duties or responsibilities, allowing individuals in positions of power to gain advantages that are not justified or legal. This includes acts such as favoritism, nepotism, and abuse of power, where officials will exploit their roles for personal benefit or to benefit others inappropriately. This definition captures the broader scope of corruption, illustrating that it's not just about financial gain, but also about the misuse of authority for any form of undue advantage.

The other options are more limited in perspective, focusing solely on financial aspects or illegal activities without recognizing the full range of corrupt practices associated with the improper execution of duties. For instance, limiting corruption solely to financial gains ignores the many non-monetary forms it can take, such as the unfair distribution of services or opportunities. Similarly, public funding for private ventures may involve corruption but doesn't capture the broader concept, and defining corruption solely through illegal business actions overlooks the various ways that everyday governance can be compromised through unethical conduct.